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September 19, 2021

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राज्यका निर्देशक सिद्धान्त तथा नीति र मौलिक हकको अर्न्तसम्बन्ध र हाम्रो सन्दर्भ

          भूमिका : - कुनै पनि देशको संविधान निर्माण गर्दा के कस्ता विषयवस्तुहरुलाई संविधानमा समावेश गर्ने भन्ने कुरा संविधान निर्माताको ईच्छा , सवैंधानिक कानूनका आधारभूत मूल्य एवं मान्यता , संविधान निर्माण गर्नु पर्नाका कारण , तत्कालिन आवश्यकता , देशको वस्तुगत र धरातलीय यथार्थता आदिमा निर्भर गर्दछ । यस परिप्रेक्ष्यमा संविधानमा राज्यका निर्देशक सिद्धान्त तथा नीतिहरु राख्ने वा नराख्ने भन्ने कुरा पनि संविधान निर्माताको इच्छाको विषय हो । संसारका विभिन्न देशका संविधानको अध्ययन गर्दा १९३६ मा आइरिस संविधानले यी विषयलाई पहिलो पटक समावेश गरिएको पाइदा सो भन्दा अगाडि निर्मित संविधानमा यस्ता व्यवस्था रहेको पाइदैन। संविधानमा निर्देशक सिद्धान्त तथा न ी तिहरु राख्ने देशमा पनि विषयवस्तुहरु फरक फरक तरिकाले प्रस्तुत गरेको पाईन्छ । त्यसैगरी निर्देशक सिद्धान्तको नामाकरण पनि फरक फरक तरिकाले गरेको पाइन्छ । जस्तो पाकिस्तानको संविधानमा " नीतिका सिद्धान्त " नाम...
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geography of nepal (नेपालको भुगोल ) Complete note

                                 Geography of Nepal: Nepal:- 147181 square km. (Area) ( 57,827 square miles)   (Kalapani , Lipulek , Limpiyadhura) to issue a map with:- Ø   Decision of the Government of Nepal:- 2077 June 5 Ø   New map released:- 2077 2 5 Ø   Published in the Gazette :- 2077-3-4   Constitution and Nepal Ø   Article 288 of the Constitution of Nepal   states that Kathmandu will be the capital of Nepal. Ø   In Article 4, the state of Nepal is mentioned in relation to geography. Ø   Declaration of Kathmandu, the capital of modern Nepal: - V. No. 1826 Chaitra 10   East West Length :- 885 km. North South Width - 133 km.   Treaty of Sugauli: March ३ , 1816 Ø   Rajguru Gajraj Mishra + Chandrasekhar Upadhyay on behalf of Nepal Ø ...

Social dispute and conflict. Conflict management and so on for section officer exam

 Social Disputes & Conflicts: Comprehensive OverDefinition and Concept** **Dispute:** - A dispute involves a disagreement or debate between two or more parties, typically revolving around differences of opinion or interests. It is often a preliminary stage that can escalate into a conflict if not resolved effectively. **Conflict:** - Conflict represents a more intense form of disagreement characterized by a state of disharmony and opposition. It can occur between individuals, groups, organizations, or communities due to differences in social, political, economic, psychological, religious, and cultural factors. #### **Approaches to Understanding Conflict** 1. **Traditional Approach:**    - Views conflict negatively, as harmful and something to be controlled.    - Prevalent until the 1930s. 2. **Human Relation Approach:**    - Considers conflict a natural and necessary process for development.    - Recognized until the 1970s. 3. **Interacti...

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